Contents
-
Energy Stored In A Church Clock
- Preliminaries
- Defining item 1: height of the tower
- Defining item 2: mass of hanging weight
- Using a physical constant: earth gravity
- A library formula for potential energy
- The energy in a laptop battery
- Comparing the two energy items
- Setting a permanent hold on an item
- Setting a temporary hold on an item
- Saving your work
Energy Stored In A Church Clock
Hauling on the rope to lift the heavy weight in the local church tower, Adrian Smith has a thought. His laptop computer kept time just by running idle. How much energy was stored in its battery, and how did this compare with the energy stored in the hanging weight of this ancient clock mechanism? Quick mental calculations told him that the two were approximately the same.
The weight in the church tower was 800 kg. Its drop was 75 ft. How far should the weight be lifted to exactly equal the energy stored in his laptop battery? If this was more than the 75 ft available, then how much heavier should the weight be made?
Here's how he might have solved the problem using TABULA.
Read TABULA/TabulaGettingStarted first to understand the instructions below.
Preliminaries
To start a fresh ttable, click 
You see:
<undefined caption>
Let's start by giving our new ttable a title.
Click on the topmost line (right now, it's the only line).
The contents of the line (<undefined caption>) are echoed in the input field. We don't want them so delete them.
Type into the input field: Church Clock
You now see the panel showing:
Church Clock
Defining item 1: height of the tower
To add the first item to the empty ttable, click 
You now see:
Church Clock 1 1.000 / unit
The item just created (item 1) is dimensionless [/].
It's a TABULA convention, not a SI-units convention, to represent a dimensionless quantity by / rather than nothing at all. But it's helpful to have a placeholder.
The item just created should be automatically selected for you. If not, click item 1 to select it.
Enter: 75 ft
This not only changes the value, but specifies new units, viz [ft].
You can change an item's units at any time. You can even change them to incompatible units unless the item is calculated, or is a feeder to a calculated item.
Next enter: 'height of tower
The leading apostrophe is not essential here. TABULA can guess that what you've typed is a new name for the item. But the apostrophe tells it for certain.
You should now see:
Church Clock 1 @ 75.000 ft height of tower
Defining item 2: mass of hanging weight
Do the same again in principle to define item 2.
Click
Enter: 800 kg
Enter: 'mass of weight
Using a physical constant: earth gravity
At this point a little school physics might be recalled.
If you know the value of a physical constant called the acceleration due to gravity (which scientists call g) you can multiply it by the mass and the height to get the value of potential energy stored in the weight by hauling it up to a height of 75 ft.
TABULA has a library of constants, UUC.ijs, and a library of formulas, UUF.ijs.
Click tab: "consts" to show the library of constants. It is fairly long and the user (you) can add to it to make it even longer.
You needn't read it right through just now: you can thin-out the display by entering a search-string in the input field. The word "gravity" would seem a good one to try. But type it as gravit to catch the word gravitational, should it be there.
Type: gravit and press Enter.
A list of lines containing the word "gravity" appears. Among them you should be able to see the one you want.
9.812865328 m/s^2 [grav] acceleration; gravity 6.67428e_11 N m^2/kg^2 [G] gravitational constant 1.622 m/s^2 [moon.g] moon gravity unit 3.711 m/s^2 [mars.g] mars gravity unit
Select the first line ([grav]) and click "Append".
A new item appears in the ttable (item 3). You'll see it has its own special "earth-gravity" units: [grav]
OBSERVATION: g might seem a better choice to name the gravitational constant. But [g] is already employed (by SI) to mean "grams".
Now multiply the three items together to get what we hope is going to be potential energy.
Select all three items, 1 2 3, and click 
On the Macintosh you'll need to hold down the key: ⌘ to get multiple selections.
At this stage the ttable looks like this:
Church Clock
┌ 1 75.000 ft height of tower
├ 2 800.000 kg mass of weight
├ 3 1.000 grav acceleration; gravity!
└> 4 @ 60000.000 ft kg grav {1}*{2}*{3}Notice that a flag: ! has been added to the end of the name of item 3. This is called a hold. It shows the item is shielded from changes whenever backfitting takes place. We'll have reason to be grateful for it later.
Now, have you ever heard of energy units: [ft kg grav]?
Be honest: no you haven't. But TABULA isn't fazed. Click the units dropdown to see other compatible units you can convert them to. There, near the top, you see J for joules. Select it.
And while you're at it, let's see acceleration; gravity in more familiar units. Select item 3 and click 
.
It has a menu: Edit > Convert to SI Units and a hotkey: Ctrl+Shift+S
Now at last we can see the ttable:
Church Clock
┌ 1 75.000 ft height of tower
├ 2 800.000 kg mass of weight
├ 3 9.813 m/s² acceleration; gravity!
└> 4 @ 1.795E5 J {1}*{2}*{3}
A library formula for potential energy
In this case it's simple enough to multiply the three items (1, 2, 3) together to get the energy stored in the hanging weight. However, just to demonstrate the facility, we will use a library formula for the potential energy.
Select tab "functs". Enter: energy
You see this line (among others):
9.812865328*m*h : m(kg),h(m) [J] potential energy; earth surface
Select it and press "Append".
The panel now looks like this:
Church Clock
┌ 1 75.000 ft height of tower
├ 2 800.000 kg mass of weight
├ 3 9.813 m/s² acceleration; gravity!
└> 4 1.795E5 J {1}*{2}*{3}
┌ 5 1.000 kg m:feeder
├ 6 1.000 m h:feeder
└> 7 @ 9.813 J potential energy; earth surfaceWe see a separate calculation: the calculated line has brought with it its own feeders. We need to merge these with existing items.
Clearly item 5: m:feeder, needs to be merged with item 2: mass of weight.
Select both lines 2 and 5. Click 
NOTE: items are merged downwards, ie the uppermost one must have the value to be retained. Use
to move one above the other (not necessary here). You now see:
Church Clock
┌ 1 75.000 ft height of tower
┌ ├ 2 800.000 kg mass of weight
│ ├ 3 9.813 m/s² acceleration; gravity!
│ └> 4 1.795E5 J {1}*{2}*{3}
├ 5 1.000 m h:feeder
└> 6 @ 7850.292 J potential energy; earth surfaceLine 2 is now feeding into the calculated item, which is now item 6.
Do the same with item 1: height of tower and item 5: h:feeder, merging them by clicking
You now see:
Church Clock
┌ ┌ 1 75.000 ft height of tower
├ ├ 2 800.000 kg mass of weight
│ ├ 3 9.813 m/s² acceleration; gravity!
│ └> 4 1.795E5 J {1}*{2}*{3}
└> 5 @ 1.795E5 J potential energy; earth surfaceand lo-and-behold, calculated items 4 and 5 show the same result!
Keep whichever one you like: we don't need them both.
For the sake of the example, delete item 5.
The energy in a laptop battery
We turn now to the energy stored in Adrian's laptop battery. It is rated at 17 V, 3.1 amp-hours [A h]. If we multiply volts by amp-hours we get the stored electrical energy (assuming it stays at 17 V for the whole 3.1 A h discharged, which it won't near the end).
Click to create a new [/] item. Enter: 3.1 A h
Now enter: 'battery charge.
Click to create another new [/] item. Enter: 17 V
Now enter: 'battery potential.
Multiply the two together as before (click ) and convert to J (joules) with the units dropdown.
Rename this new item by entering: 'energy stored in battery.
In the same way let's relabel item 4: 'energy stored in hanging weight.
You now see:
Church Clock ┌ 1 75.000 ft height of tower ├ 2 800.000 kg mass of weight ├ 3 9.813 m/s² acceleration; gravity! └> 4 1.795E5 J energy stored in hanging weight ┌ 5 3.100 A h battery charge ├ 6 17.000 V battery potential └> 7 1.897E5 J energy stored in battery
Comparing the two energy items
These are two separate calculations (except we notice that items 4 and 7 are not that different in value!). Let's connect them by forcing item 4 to take the same value as item 7.
We can do this by subtracting one from the other and then forcing the result to take the value 0.
Alternatively we could divide one by the other and force the result to take the value 1.
Select items 4 and 7, then subtract them, using 
We now have a new item 8, which links the two calculations:
Church Clock
┌ 1 75.000 ft height of tower
├ 2 @ 800.000 kg mass of weight
├ 3 9.813 m/s² acceleration; gravity!
┌ └> 4 @ 1.795E5 J energy stored in hanging weight
│ ┌ 5 3.100 A h battery charge
│ ├ 6 17.000 V battery potential
├ └> 7 1.897E5 J energy stored in battery
└> 8 @ -10262.319 J {4}-{7}If we now persuade item 8 to accept the value 0, then items 4 and 7 will be forced to become equal.
Select item 8 and click 
Church ClockXX
┌ 1 @ 1.788E-5 ft height of tower
├ 2 @ 1.907E-4 kg mass of weight
├ 3 9.813 m/s² acceleration; gravity!
┌ └> 4 @ 1.020E-8 J energy stored in hanging weight
│ ┌ 5 @ 7.390E-7 A h battery charge
│ ├ 6 @ 4.053E-6 V battery potential
├ └> 7 @ 1.078E-8 J energy stored in battery
└> 8 @ -5.832E-10 J {4}-{7}The result is not at all what we want. Nearly all the items have changed, as shown by the @-flags, including ones we didn't want to change. And they have not changed to very sensible values, either. But there's no doubt that items 4 and 7 have been forced to become equal.
In fact all items will change unless they are held.
Click 
and try again. This time we will hold those items we want to stay fixed.
Setting a permanent hold on an item
Items 5 and 6 are properties of the battery and can't be altered. So it's worth treating them the same way as earth gravity; an unalterable physical quantity which resists backfitting.
Select item 5 and click 
The trailing flag ! is toggled absent/present.
Do the same with item 6. And item 7 too, although it doesn't matter here.
It's enough to hold all the feeder items to a calculated item.
Setting a temporary hold on an item
Now look at items 1 and 2. We don't want them both to change at once, so we want to hold one and not the other.
The original question was: "How far should the weight be lifted to exactly equal the energy stored in [Adrian's] laptop battery?"
So let us put a transient hold on the weight, to let the height of tower vary.
It won't vary enough to compel us to build the tower up higher.
Select item 2 and Shift-click
a flag: ! appears, but it is against the item number, not at the end of the name. This is called a transient hold.
Now select the difference item (8) and click to zero it.
Only items 1, 4 and 8 change. Item 4 changes to become equal to item 7, and the pressure is squeezed back along the arrows to change item 1.
Item 8 may become not 0 but a tiny value. A second click of
will cure that. You now see:
Church Clock
┌ 1 @ 79.289 ft height of tower
├ 2! 800.000 kg mass of weight
├ 3 9.813 m/s² acceleration; gravity!
┌ └> 4 @ 1.897E5 J energy stored in hanging weight
│ ┌ 5 3.100 A h battery charge!
│ ├ 6 17.000 V battery potential!
├ └> 7 1.897E5 J energy stored in battery
└> 8 @ -1.455E-10 J {4}-{7}This answers our original question. To equalize the energies, the weight must be lifted to 79.289 ft instead of 75 ft.
What if we'd kept the height of tower fixed and let the mass of weight vary?
Simple. Click to undo the changes, then Shift-click to unhold item 2 and again to hold item 1.
Once again, select the difference item (8) and click to zero it.
You now see:
Church Clock
┌ 1! 75.000 ft height of tower
├ 2 @ 845.748 kg mass of weight
├ 3 9.813 m/s² acceleration; gravity!
┌ └> 4 @ 1.897E5 J energy stored in hanging weight
│ ┌ 5 3.100 A h battery charge!
│ ├ 6 17.000 V battery potential!
├ └> 7 1.897E5 J energy stored in battery
└> 8 @ -8.731E-11 J {4}-{7}from which it appears the weight must be increased from 800 kg to 845.748 kg to equalize the energies.
Saving your work
Click 
to save the ttable as a file with a name derived from the title, viz. Church_Clock.ijs.
The name is derived by replacing all spaces and other forbidden characters in the title by Underscore (_).
Alternatively choose menu: File > Save As... to give the saved file a name of your choice.