A Programming Language
Kenneth E. Iverson
Preface | ||
Chapter 1 The Language | ||
1.1 | Introduction | |
1.2 | Programs | |
1.3 | Structure of the language | |
| Conventions | |
| Literals and variables | |
| Domain and range | |
1.4 | Elementary operations | |
| Arithmetic operations | |
| Logical operations | |
| Residues and congruence | |
1.5 | Structured operands | |
| Elementary operations | |
| Matrices | |
| Index systems | |
1.6 | Rotation | |
1.7 | Special vectors | |
1.8 | Reduction | |
1.9 | Selection | |
| Compression | |
| Mesh, mask, and expansion | |
1.10 | Selection vectors | |
1.11 | The generalized matrix product | |
1.12 | Transpositions | |
1.13 | Special logical matrices | |
1.14 | Polynomials and positional number systems | |
1.15 | Set operations | |
1.16 | Ranking | |
1.17 | Mapping and permutation | |
| Reordering operations | |
| Permutations | |
| Function mapping | |
| Ordering vector | |
1.18 | Maximization | |
1.19 | Inverse functions | |
1.20 | Levels of structure | |
1.21 | Subroutines | |
1.22 | Files | |
1.23 | Ordered trees | |
| Directed graphs | |
| Ordered trees | |
| Right and left list matrices | |
| Well formation | |
| The index matrix as a function of the degree vector | |
| Tree, path, and level compression | |
| Extension of other operations to trees | |
| Homogeneous trees | |
References | ||
Notes | ||
Exercises | ||
Chapter 2 Microprogramming | ||
2.1 | Instruction preparation | |
| Additive indexing | |
| Indirect addressing | |
| Dynamic relocation | |
| Branching, interruption, and trapping | |
| Complete instruction fetch | |
2.2 | Instruction execution | |
| Load and store | |
| Branch instructions | |
| Logical instructions | |
| Arithmetic instructions | |
| Shift instructions | |
| Convert instructions | |
| Input-output instructions | |
2.3 | Detailed logical design | |
References | ||
Exercises | ||
Chapter 3 Representation of Variables | ||
3.1 | Allocation and encoding | |
3.2 | Representation of structured operands | |
| The grid matrix | |
| Linear representations | |
| Nonlinear representations | |
| Chained representations | |
| Partitions | |
| Pools | |
| Summary | |
3.3 | Representation of matrices | |
3.4 | Representation of trees | |
| Simplified list matrices | |
| The use of left lists | |
| Chain list matrices | |
References | ||
Notes | ||
Exercises | ||
Chapter 4 Search Techniques | ||
4.1 | Scanning methods for ranking | |
| Directed scan | |
| Controlled scan | |
4.2 | Key transformations | |
| Nonunique key transformations | |
4.3 | Multiple keys | |
References | ||
Exercises | ||
Chapter 5 Metaprograms | ||
5.1 | Compound statements | |
5.2 | Lukasiewicz notation | |
5.3 | The minimax form of an L-formula | |
5.4 | Translation from complete parenthesis to Lukasiewicz notation | |
5.5 | Translation from Lukasiewicz to complete parenthesis notation | |
References | ||
Exercises | ||
Chapter 6 Sorting | ||
6.1 | Serial sorting methods | |
| Copy operations | |
| Simple classification and merge | |
| Classification and simple merge | |
| Partial pass methods | |
6.2 | Evaluation of serial sorting methods | |
| Simple classification and merge | |
| Classification and simple merge | |
| Partial pass methods | |
6.3 | Aids to serial sorting processes | |
6.4 | Internal sorting methods | |
| Simple classification and merge | |
| Classification and simple merge | |
| Special internal sorting methods | |
6.5 | Evaluation of internal sorting methods | |
| Expected number of transpositions | |
| Bubble sort | |
| Ranking sort | |
| Odd-even transposition sort | |
| Repeated selection sort | |
| Sorting with replacement | |
| Comparison of internal sorting methods | |
Appendix to Chapter 6 | ||
References | ||
Notes | ||
Exercises | ||
Chapter 7 The Logical Calculus | ||
7.1 | Elementary identities | |
7.2 | Canonical forms | |
| Intrinsic vector | |
| Characteristic vectors | |
7.3 | Decomposition | |
| Disjunctive canonical form | |
| Other canonical forms | |
References | ||
Exercises | ||
Summary of Notation | ||
S.1 | Conventions | |
| Basic conventions | |
| Branching conventions | |
| Operand conventions used in summary | |
S.2 | Structural Parameters, Null | |
S.3 | Relations | |
S.4 | Elementary Operations | |
S.5 | Vector Operations | |
S.6a | Row Generalizations of Vector Operations | |
S.6b | Column Generalizations of Vector Operations | |
S.7 | Special Matrices | |
S.8 | Transposition | |
S.9 | Set Operations | |
S.10 | Generalized Matrix Product | |
S.11 | Files | |
S.12 | Trees |